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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_1">Chapter 12: Best Practices for Embedded Devices<span class="style"><br/></span></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_2"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">12.1 Creating Private Keys<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">Embedding a private key into firmware allows anyone to extract the key and turns an otherwise secure connection into something nothing more secure than TCP.<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">We have a few ideas about creating private keys for SSL enabled devices.<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="1">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">1.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>Each device acting as a server should have a unique private key, just like in the non-embedded world.<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_6"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="2">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">2.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>If the key can't be placed onto the device before delivery, have it generated during setup.<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_6"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="3">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">3.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>If the device lacks the power to generate it's own key during setup, have the client setting up the device generate the key and send it to the device.<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_6"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="4">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">4.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>If the client lacks the ability to generate a private key, have the client retrieve a unique private key over an SSL connection from the devices known website (for example).<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">CyaSSL can be used in all of these steps to help ensure an embedded device has a secure unique private key. Taking these steps will go a long ways towards securing the SSL connection itself.<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">12.2 Digitally Signing and Authenticating with wolfSSL<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">wolfSSL is a popular tool for digitally signing applications, libraries, or files prior to loading them on embedded devices. Most desktop and server operating systems allow creation of this type of functionality through system libraries, but stripped down embedded operating systems do not. The reason that embedded RTOS environments do not include digital signature functionality is because it has historically not been a requirement for most embedded applications. In today’s world of connected devices and heightened security concerns, digitally signing what is loaded onto your embedded or mobile device has become a top priority.  <br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">Examples of embedded connected devices where this requirement was not found in years past include set top boxes, DVR’s, POS systems, both VoIP and mobile phones, connected home, and even automobile-based computing systems. Because wolfSSL supports the key embedded and real time operating systems, encryption standards, and authentication functionality, it is a natural choice for embedded systems developers to use when adding digital signature functionality.<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">Generally, the process for setting up code and file signing on an embedded device are as follows:<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="1">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">1.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>The embedded systems developer will generate an RSA key pair.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="2">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">2.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>A server-side script-based tool is developed<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 60px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="1">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">a.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>The server side tool will create a hash of the code to be loaded on the device (with SHA-256 for example).<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 60px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="2">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">b.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>The hash is then digitally signed, also called RSA private encrypt.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 60px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="3">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">c.</span><span style="width: 6px; " class="inline-block"></span>A package is created that contains the code along with the digital signature.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="3">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_8"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">3.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>The package is loaded on the device along with a way to get the RSA public key.  The hash is re-created on the device then digitally verified (also called RSA public decrypt) against the existing digital signature.<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">Benefits to enabling digital signatures on your device include:<br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="1">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">1.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>Easily enable a secure method for allowing third parties to load files to your device.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="2">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">2.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>Ensure against malicious files finding their way on to your device.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="3">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">3.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>Digitally secure firmware updates<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width" value="4">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_5"><span style="font-size: 12px; " class="Bullet">4.</span><span style="width: 5px; " class="inline-block"></span>Ensure against firmware updates from unauthorized parties<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_4">General information on code signing:<br/></p>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style_4"><a title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing</a></p>
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